Northern Sòng art historian and painting connoisseur. From a Tàiyuán 太原 family of imperial in-laws (his grandmother was Liúshì 劉氏, an aunt of empress Liú of Zhēnzōng’s reign); his grandfather the Sītúgōng and his father had assembled one of the great painting collections of the early Sòng, alongside those of Dīng Wèi 丁謂 (Jìngōng) and Mǎ Zhījié 馬知節 (Zhènghuì). Active in the Xīnínɡ 熙寧 (1068–1077) decade; held diplomatic appointments to the Liáo. Author of KR3h0017 Túhuà jiànwén zhì 圖畫見聞誌 (c. 1074–1080), the indispensable continuation of Zhāng Yànyuǎn’s KR3h0009 Lìdài mínghuà jì. The first juàn’s sixteen theoretical essays — especially the qìyùn fēi shī 氣韻非師 dictum and the Northern / Southern landscape genealogy — are among the most consequential pieces of Northern Sòng painting theory.