Early-Qīng bannerman official and connoisseur of calligraphy and painting; zì Lìngzhī 令之, hào Xiānkè 仙客; studio name Shìgǔtáng 式古堂. Member of the Hànjūn 漢軍 Xiānghóngqí 鑲紅旗. Lifedates 1645–1712 per CBDB; the catalog meta gives the death year as 1706 — CBDB and modern reference works prefer 1712, followed here. Rose through the Censorate to Fújiàn xúnfǔ 福建巡撫 (Fújiàn Provincial Governor) and finally to Xíngbù zuǒ shìláng 刑部左侍郎 (Left Vice-Minister of Punishments). Wáng Shìzhēn’s Jūyì lù and Zhū Yízūn’s poetry both single him out alongside Sòng Luò 宋犖 as one of the “two zhōngchéng of the age” in connoisseurship. Compiled KR3h0068 Shìgǔtáng shūhuà huìkǎo 式古堂書畫彙考 in 60 juàn (1682), the largest single pre-Pèi-wén Chinese compendium of calligraphy and painting records. His editorial protocol — first general category then specific item, first the work’s main text then colophons — became the model for the imperial Qiánlóng catalogs.