Shāng Yāng 商鞅 (ca. 390–338 BCE), originally Gōngsūn Yāng 公孫鞅 / Wèi Yāng 衛鞅, enfeoffed Shāngjūn 商君, was the most consequential pre-Qín Legalist statesman. Native of Wèi 衛. Served Duke Xiào 孝 of Qín (r. 361–338 BCE) and implemented the foundational biàn fǎ 變法 (legal-administrative reforms, 359 / 350 BCE) that established the Qín state’s military-bureaucratic structure underlying its eventual conquest. After Duke Xiào’s death, executed by his son. Biography: Shǐjì j. 68. Traditional author of the Shāngjūn shū 商君書 (= the catalog title Shāngzǐ 商子, KR3c0004) — though the received text is universally regarded as a Warring States compilation incorporating Shāng Yāng’s principles into a Fǎjiā doctrinal anthology.