Statesman of the Spring-and-Autumn state of Qí, posthumous title Píngzhòng 平仲 (“the Steady”). His native place is conventionally given as Lái 萊 (the eastern Shandong area, then a recently absorbed territory of Qí). He served three successive Qí rulers — Dukes Líng 靈, Zhuāng 莊, and Jǐng 景 — rising to prime minister under Duke Jǐng (r. 547–490 BCE) and is remembered in classical sources for his austerity, frugality, sharp-tongued remonstrance, and shrewd diplomacy. His death is conventionally dated to 500 BCE during the reign of Duke Jǐng. The Yànzǐ chūnqiū 晏子春秋 (KR2g0003) is traditionally attributed to him, but already in the Hàn it was recognized that the work is a posthumous compilation by later hands; modern scholarship treats it as a Warring-States anthology of stories and remonstrances ascribed to him. The Shǐjì’s GuǎnYàn lièzhuàn 管晏列傳 (juàn 62) pairs him with Guǎn Zhòng 管仲 as the two paradigmatic Qí ministers.