Late Táng / early Five Dynasties recluse-landscapist; zì Hàorán 浩然, a man of Qìnshuǐ 沁水 in Hénán. Withdrew to the Hónggǔ 洪谷 valley of the Tàiháng range during the late-Táng disturbances and styled himself Hónggǔzǐ 洪谷子. Founding master of the Northern monumental landscape tradition: Liú Dàochún’s Wǔdài mínghuà bǔyí KR3h0014 places him at the head of the landscape painters, and Tāng Hòu’s Huàjiàn KR3h0037 calls him “the highest of late Táng” and “ancestor of Fàn Kuān’s school.” Active c. 880–930. Two treatises on landscape painting circulate under his name — KR3h0012 Bǐfǎ jì 筆法記 and the so-called Huà shānshuǐ fù 畫山水賦 — but the Sìkù editors regarded both as later pseudepigrapha attaching to his name. Modern scholarship (Munakata 1974) treats the Bǐfǎ jì as a tenth- or eleventh-century text preserving the landscape tradition’s self-understanding.