Yán Yuán 顏元 (1635–1704), hào Xízhāi 習齋, early-Qīng Confucian philosopher of Bólǐ 博野, founder with his pupil 李塨 Lǐ Gōng (1659–1733) of the Yán-Lǐ school 顏李學派. The school advocated a return to concrete, practical learning (shíxué 實學) — including ritual, music, archery, charioteering, calligraphy, and mathematics — against what Yán took to be the over-bookish, contemplative orientation of late-Míng and early-Qīng Sòng-school Confucianism.