Wǔyīn jíyùn 五音集韻
The Five-Phonation Collected Rhymes by 韓道昭 (Hán Dàozhāo, zì Bóhuī 伯暉, of Sōngshuǐ 松水, Zhēndìng), Jīn dynasty
About the work
The principal northern (Jīn) revision of the Guǎngyùn / Jíyùn tradition; 15 juàn; fl. Jīn Tàihé era (c. 1208). The book is a watershed in the textual history of the Chinese rhyme-book genre. Where earlier yùnshū sequenced rhyme-class entries by fǎnqiè niǔ (spelling-pair groupings), Hán Dàozhāo for the first time re-ordered the entries within each rhyme by the 36 zìmǔ (initial consonants) cross-cut by the 4 děng (phonological grades) of the děngyùn tradition — the so-called diāndǎo niǔ (inverted-spelling) reorganisation conventionally credited to Yuán-period Huáng Gōngshào 黃公紹 but in fact pioneered here. Source-coverage: the entry-graph base (53,525) is from the Jíyùn KR1j0057 (53,525 — same total, less 1 graph in transmission); the gloss-text (335,840 graphs of gloss, with new additions of 144,148 over the Guǎngyùn’s 191,692) draws extensively on the Guǎngyùn and the Jíyùn. Crucially, on the rhyme-mergers Hán Dàozhāo reduces the inherited 206 rhymes to 160 by merging seven pairs in the shàng / qù tones (忝/琰, 檻/豏, 儼/范, 㮇/艶, 鑑/陷, 釅/梵 — and one more) — confirming, against the conventional wisdom, that this rhyme-merger predates the southern Lǐbù yùnlüè tradition and is in fact part of the Jīn philological inheritance.
Tiyao
The Wǔyīn jíyùn in 15 juàn. Composed by Hán Dàozhāo of the Jīn. Dàozhāo, zì Bóhuī, of Sōngshuǐ in Zhēndìng. The world has supposed that the use of děngyùn to invert the zìniǔ sequence began with Yuán Huáng Gōngshào’s Yùnhuì, but this book — using the 36 zìmǔ each subdivided into 4 děng to sequence the entry-graphs — is already prior to that. The entry-graph base is largely the Guǎngyùn; the supplementary additions are largely from the Jíyùn. Examining: the Guǎngyùn preface gives 26,194 graphs; the Jíyùn fánlì says 53,525 graphs total (27,331 newly added); this book also says 53,525 (27,330 newly added) — only one graph short of the Jíyùn total, presumably a copy slip. The Guǎngyùn gloss is 191,692 characters; this book says 335,840 characters (with 144,148 newly added) — and the additional total accords. So the dual basis on the Guǎngyùn and Jíyùn is plain. Furthermore, the Guǎngyùn’s dúyòng / tóngyòng notation reflects Táng Xǔ Jìngzōng’s classification (per Fēng Yǎn’s Wénjiàn jì) — undisturbed throughout the Táng to Sòng Jǐngyòu 4 (1037). When the Lǐbù yùnlüè was issued, on Jiǎ Chāngcháo’s petition, 13 narrow rhyme-pairings were merged. Now the modern Guǎngyùn prints have 儼 placed before 豏 and 檻; 釅 before 陷 and 鑑 — and dúyòng / tóngyòng labels like “tōng 殷 yú 文”, “tōng 隱 yú 吻” — these are post-yùnlüè corrupting interpolations. This book changes 206 rhymes to 160 by merging 忝 with 琰, 檻 with 豏, 儼 with 范, 㮇 with 艶, 鑑 with 陷, 釅 with 梵 (six mergers — conjoined with the seventh in the source) — proof that the Guǎngyùn’s original shàng / qù-tone last six rhymes had cross-rhyming-pairs in the same way as píng / rù. Likewise 廢 not merged with 隊-代; 殷 / 隱 / 焮 / 迄 not merged with 文 / 吻 / 問 / 物 — i.e., still observing the Táng-period Tángyùn arrangement, not yet conflated with the yùnlüè. The 13 mergers can therefore be cleanly inferred — a useful correction for re-printed Guǎngyùn errors. Hán Dàozhāo’s děngyùn expertise is also profound; some have criticised him for inverting the yīnniǔ sequence — that is the criticism of a non-specialist. Presented Qiánlóng 45 / 7 (1780). General Editors Jì Yún, Lù Xīxióng, Sūn Shìyì; Chief Collator Lù Fèichí.
Abstract
The Wǔyīn jíyùn is the principal Jīn-period contribution to the rhyme-book tradition and a textual-history document of the first importance. Its 36 zìmǔ × 4 děng re-sequencing of entry-graphs within each rhyme is the genre-shift that traditional histories had attributed to Yuán-period Huáng Gōngshào 黃公紹 (whose Gǔjīn yùnhuì postdates Hán by some 70+ years). The book uses the Guǎngyùn and Jíyùn as base — same 53,525 entry-graph total as the Jíyùn, with 335,840 characters of gloss — but consolidates the 206 rhymes to 160. The Sìkù tíyào uses internal evidence from the book to correct two long-standing textual errors in the printed Guǎngyùn: (a) the post-yùnlüè moves of 儼 / 釅 in tone-order, and (b) the post-yùnlüè additions of tōngyòng labels in Guǎngyùn prints. In modern phonology, the work is a primary witness to Jīn-period northern phonology and the early stage of the děngyùn re-sequencing of rhyme-books. notBefore = 1208 (the conventional Tàihé 8 date of completion); notAfter = 1212 (the latest plausible publication date in late Tàihé / early Zhìníng).
Translations and research
- Lǐ Sī-fū 李思敷. 1995. Wǔ-yīn jí-yùn yán-jiū 五音集韻研究. Tradition history and Jīn-period phonology.
- Lǐ Xīn-kuí 李新魁. 1991. Hàn-yǔ děng-yùn xué 漢語等韻學. Treats the Wǔ-yīn jí-yùn as the watershed in zì-mǔ × děng re-sequencing of rhyme-books.
- Pulleyblank, Edwin G. 1991. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: UBC Press. — Uses Jīn / Yuán northern phonology as primary witnesses for Late Middle Chinese.
Other points of interest
The Sìkù tíyào’s correction of the conventional attribution of zìmǔ × děng re-sequencing to Huáng Gōngshào is a notable textual-history finding. Hán Dàozhāo’s book — published in the Jīn but quickly used in Yuán philology — is the actual originator of the genre-shift that produced the entire post-Sòng northern rhyme-book line, culminating in the Yùnhuì jǔyào KR1j0065 and the Hóngwǔ zhèngyùn KR1j0068.