山東通志

Shāndōng tōngzhì 山東通志

Comprehensive Gazetteer of Shāndōng supervised by 岳濬 (Yuè Jùn, 1704–1753) — jiānxiū 監修 compiled by 杜詔 (Dù Zhào, fl. early 18th century) — biānzuǎn 編纂

About the work

The YōngzhèngQiánlóng provincial gazetteer of Shāndōng, in 36 juan. The unusually small extent — by far the most compact of the ten Yōngzhèng provincial gazetteers — reflects an editorial decision to consolidate rather than expand: the Sìkù tíyào singles out Yuè Jùn’s bureau for trimming the four-fold Rénwù sub-categories of older gazetteers (Yǐnyì 隱逸, Xiàoyì 孝義, Rúshù 儒術, Wényuàn 文苑) into a single Rénwù category, and for striking out from the Huànjī 宦績 section the long pre-Hàn lists of feudal-state ministers found in earlier provincial gazetteers. Compilation was launched on Yōngzhèng 7 (1729) under the Shāndōng governor Yuè Jùn 岳濬 (1704–1753; descendant of Yuè Fēi 岳飛), who engaged the Hanlin jiǎntǎo Dù Zhào 杜詔 as principal biānzuǎn. The bureau worked for seven years through four successive drafts, much of the redrafting necessitated by the prefectural reorganisations that punctuated the Yōngzhèng reign in Shāndōng. Completion fell in early Qiánlóng 1 (1736); Yuè Jùn’s own preface is dated Qiánlóng 1/3 (1736/4), and the jìnbiǎo (presentation memorial) was actually submitted by his successor as Shāndōng governor, Fǎ Mǐn 法敏.

Tiyao

We respectfully note: the Shāndōng tōngzhì in 36 juan is by Yuè Jùn 岳濬, Governor of Shāndōng and Right Vice Censor-in-Chief, and others. In the Jiājìng era of the Míng, the Shāndōng touring censor (xún’àn yùshǐ 巡按御史) Fāng Yuǎnyí 方遠宜 first commissioned the assistant Provincial Surveillance Commissioner Lù Yuè 陸鉞 and others to compile the provincial gazetteer in 40 juan, with 52 categories and 10 appended sub-categories. In the twelfth year of Kāngxī (1673), the Governor Zhāng Fèngyí 張鳳儀 and the Provincial Administration Commissioner Shī Tiānyì 施天裔 revised the older edition: they cut twenty juan and reduced the categories to thirty with eight appended sub-categories, but on the whole eighty or ninety percent of what they had was simply the old text, with new matter making up at most ten or twenty percent.

The present version is from the Yōngzhèng era (i.e. begun under Yōngzhèng), when Yuè Jùn, having received the imperial decree, undertook the revision, engaging the [Hanlin] jiǎntǎo Dù Zhào 杜詔 and others. They opened an editorial bureau and arranged the work, completing it in the first year of Qiánlóng (1736); his successor Governor Fǎ Mǐn 法敏 submitted it to the throne on his behalf. In its editorial frame, this version makes considerable revisions to the older gazetteer.

In the Huànjī 宦績 (Official Achievements) and Rénwù 人物 (Persons) sections, the older gazetteer enumerated the ministers and grand officers of every feudal state in detail, leaving none out; the present revision strikes out those that are already in the classics and their commentaries, beginning the record from the Hàn instead. As to the Tiánfù 田賦 and Bīngfáng 兵防 sections, where the older gazetteer was sketchy and incomplete, the Yùndào 運道 (Grand Canal logistics) and Hǎijiāng 海疆 (Maritime frontier) sections were entirely lacking; this revision supplies them in full. Outside the Rénwù 人物 category, the older gazetteer had separate sub-categories of Yǐnyì 隱逸 (Hermits), Xiàoyì 孝義 (Filial Loyalty), Rúshù 儒術 (Classicism), Wényuàn 文苑 (Literature), and so on; this revision strikes out all such names and folds them under the single category of Rénwù. Furthermore, where the older gazetteer had identified northern Lánlíng 北蘭陵 with southern Lánlíng 南蘭陵, modern Jǐyáng 濟陽 with the TángSòng Jǐyáng, and the restored Xīntài 新泰 with two old establishments — all egregious instances of inherited error — the present version sets these matters straight. Its evidentiary value is considerable.

Reverently collated and submitted, fifth month, Qiánlóng 46 (1781).

Abstract

The Shāndōng tōngzhì of Yōngzhèng 7 – Qiánlóng 1 (1729–1736) succeeds two principal predecessors:

1. The Jiājìng-era Shāndōng tōngzhì of 40 juan / 52 categories, by Lù Yuè 陸鉞 et al. under the touring censor Fāng Yuǎnyí (1530s) — preserved separately in the Sìkù; cf. the Zinbun listing 0156702 Shāndōng tōngzhì in 40 juan.
2. The Kāngxī 12 (1673) revision under the Shāndōng governor Zhāng Fèngyí 張鳳儀 and the Provincial Administration Commissioner Shī Tiānyì 施天裔, in 20 juan and 30 categories — substantially a reprint with light additions per the Sìkù’s description.

The YōngzhèngQiánlóng project was launched on Yōngzhèng 7 (1729) under the Shāndōng governor Yuè Jùn 岳濬 (1704–1753), great-great-grandson of Yuè Fēi 岳飛 by direct line — a circumstance the imperial Shāndōng inscriptional record makes much of. Yuè Jùn engaged Dù Zhào 杜詔 as principal biānzuǎn; Yuè’s own preface (Qiánlóng 1/3 = 1736/4) explicitly states “the former governor [i.e. Yuè himself] in his initial term spent seven years in the project; subsequently, on account of prefectural redistricting, four drafts were redone before the completion.” The work was presented to the throne by Yuè’s successor as Shāndōng governor, Fǎ Mǐn 法敏 (a Manchu qíxiù of the Plain Yellow Banner) — Yuè Jùn having transferred to other duties by the time of the actual submission.

The 36-juan structure runs from imperial Shèngzhì 聖制, through Yúdì 輿圖 (maps), Jiànzhì 建置 (administrative establishment), Shānchuān 山川, Tiánfù, Bīngfáng, Yùndào (Grand Canal logistics — substantively new), Hǎijiāng (maritime frontier — substantively new), Xuéxiào, Lìyuè 禮樂, Zhíguān, Xuǎnjǔ, Huànjī (now beginning from the Hàn rather than the Spring-and-Autumn period), Rénwù (now consolidated), Jīngjí 經籍 (juan 34 — a separate bibliographic section, comparable to the Jīngjí sections of Zhèjiāng tōngzhì KR2k0044 and Shānxī tōngzhì KR2k0049 and following the precedent of Shī Sù’s 施宿 Kuàijī zhì and Yuán Juè’s 袁桷 Sìmíng zhì), Yìwén 藝文 (juan 35), Zájì 雜記 (juan 36).

The Sìkù editors give the work an unusually warm reception — singling out three substantive contributions: (1) the consolidation of the Rénwù sub-categories; (2) the supply of Yùndào and Hǎijiāng material previously missing; (3) the correction of three persistent geographical errors (北蘭陵 / 南蘭陵, 唐宋濟陽 / 今濟陽, 新泰). The work was substantially superseded by Yáng Shìxiāng 楊士驤’s Xuāntǒng Shāndōng tōngzhì of 1911 in 200 juan, but the YōngzhèngQiánlóng version preserved in the Wényuāngé Sìkù quánshū (vols. 539–541) remains the canonical Qīng-era documentary baseline for Shāndōng’s eighteenth-century geography.

Translations and research

No English translation. Heavily exploited in Western scholarship on Shāndōng’s Grand-Canal logistics and on Shāndōng’s coastal-defence administration: Pierre-Étienne Will, Chinese Local Gazetteers: An Historical and Practical Introduction (1992); Kenneth Pomeranz, The Making of a Hinterland: State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853–1937 (California, 1993) for the deep historical baseline; Yáng Bīn 楊濱, Qīngdài Shāndōng yùndào yánjiū 清代山東運道研究 (Shāndōng dàxué, 2003); Wàng Xiānjiē 王宪杰, Qīngdài Shāndōng yán fǎ shǐ 清代山東鹽法史 (Qí-Lǔ shū-shè, 2008). Wilkinson, Chinese History: A New Manual §10.3, notes Chí Xiùyún’s 池秀云 Shānxī tōngzhì rénwù zhuàn suǒyǐn (Tàiyuán, 1984) for the cognate Shānxī work; for Shāndōng a comparable name-index does not exist.

Other points of interest

The unusually compact 36-juan extent of this gazetteer (the smallest of the ten Yōngzhèng provincial tōngzhì) is itself a noteworthy editorial choice — and one explicitly justified by Yuè Jùn’s preface and by the Sìkù editors as a deliberate strategy of consolidation. Its bibliographic Jīngjí section (juan 34), modelled on Shī Sù’s Kuàijī zhì and Yuán Juè’s Sìmíng zhì, is an early instance of the Shāndōng provincial bibliography being systematised as such.

Links

• Zinbun digital Sìkù tíyào
• Wikidata: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11062932 (山東通志)
• Will, Chinese Local Gazetteers (1992).