仕學規範

Shì xué guī fàn 仕學規範

Standards for Office-Seeking and Learning

by 張鎡 (Zhāng Zī, 1153–1221, zì Gōngfǔ 功甫, hào Yuēzhāi 約齋), Southern-Sòng literatus, garden-builder, poet, descendant of the great Southern-Sòng general Zhāng Jùn 張俊.

About the work

A 40-juàn Southern-Sòng jiājiào (family-instruction) and conduct-handbook compiled by 張鎡 (Zhāng Zī). The work assembles model sayings and deeds of Northern-Sòng worthies into a structured guide for the aspirant scholar-official, organized by topic across forty juàn. The principal divisions are: Wèi xué 為學 (On Learning, juàn 1–3); Xíng jǐ 行己 (On Personal Conduct, juàn 4–13); Lì guān 涖官 (On Holding Office, juàn 14 onward); and additional sections on family management, public service, and miscellaneous wisdom. The book draws on a wide range of Northern-Sòng bǐjì, yǔlù (recorded sayings), shīhuà (poetic remarks), and personal collections — a list at the end of the table of contents enumerates the major sources, including Chén Shīdào’s Hòu shān wén jí and Hòu shān shī huà; Lǐ Zhì’s Wén jí and his Shī yǒu tán jì; Xiè Liángzuǒ’s Shàng cài yǔ lù; Yáng Shí’s Guī shān yǔ lù; Wáng Zhífāng’s Shī wén fā yuán; Táng Gēng’s Táng Zǐxī yǔ lù; Zhū Biàn’s Qū wěi jiù wén; Shì Wényíng’s Yù hú qīng huà and Xiāng shān yě lù; Shì Huìhóng’s Lěng zhāi yè huà; Fāng Sháo’s Pō zhái biān; Lǚ Xīzhé’s Lǚ shì jiā shú jì; Zhōu Xíngjǐ’s Yǒngjiā wén jí; Shào Bówēn’s Wén jiàn qián lù; Shào Bó’s Wén jiàn hòu lù; Chén Zhǎngfāng’s Bù lǐ kè tán; Mǎ Yǒngqīng’s Lǎn zhēn zǐ lù; Yǐn Tūn’s Fúlíng jì shàn lù; Wāng Zǎo’s Lóng xī wén jí; Zhào Bāngxiàn’s Xǐng xīn zá yán; Xǔ Yǐ’s Xǔ shì shī huà; Lǐ Qí’s Fēn mén shī huà; Yán Yǒuyì’s Yì yuàn cí huáng; Fàn Wēn’s Qián xī shī yǎn; Zhāng Biǎochén’s Shānhú gōu shī huà; Yè Mèngdé’s Shí lín bì shǔ lù, Shí lín yàn yǔ, Shí lín shī huà; Gǔ jīn lèi shì; Gǔ jīn zǒng lèi shī huà — a wide spread of late Northern-Sòng prose and recorded conversation. The work is essentially a zīzhèng (administrative-aid) cum xíngxiū (personal-cultivation) compendium for the literati class.

Tiyao

(Note: the KR3j0182 source file as preserved in KRP contains only the table of contents and the bibliography of cited works; the Sìkù tiyao block is not embedded in the source. The discussion above is based on the work’s internal evidence; the editorial assessment by the Sìkù editors is not preserved in the KRP source and would need to be retrieved from the Sìkù quánshū zǒngmù tíyào edition.)

The work was compiled when Zhāng Zī was living at his Sūzhōu Yuēzhāi 約齋 retreat — the famous garden-residence noted in Sòng literature. Yáng Wànlǐ 楊萬里, Lù Yóu 陸游, and other Southern-Sòng poets composed celebratory verse for Yuēzhāi. The book was apparently complete and circulating before Zhāng’s involvement in the 1207 Hán Tuōzhòu / Shǐ Míyuǎn purge.

Abstract

The Shì xué guī fàn is a Southern-Sòng jiājiào (family-instruction) compendium directed at the aspirant scholar-official, in 40 juàn. 張鎡 (Zhāng Zī, 1153–1221), great-grandson of the Southern-Sòng founding general Zhāng Jùn 張俊 and one of the most prosperous Southern-Sòng aristocratic literati, compiled the work as a guide for descendants and connections entering official careers.

The book’s principal contributions:

1. Encyclopedic source-citation. The work cites a striking range of late Northern-Sòng bǐjì, yǔlù, shīhuà, and personal collections — many of which are now lost, surviving only through this compilation.
2. Topical structure. The four-section arrangement (wèi xué, xíng jǐ, lì guān, plus appended sections) organizes the literati moral and professional curriculum in a way that anticipates later Southern-Sòng jiāxùn literature.
3. Sòng official culture. The work is a primary source for the values and self-image of the late Southern-Sòng official class — Zhāng’s milieu connected him with Lù Yóu, Yáng Wànlǐ, Fàn Chéngdà, and the major poetic figures of the period.
4. Source for lost works. Citations of, e.g., the Lǐ shì shī huà (Lǐ Chún), the Fāng Shūmíng shī huà (Liú Fúcǎo edited), the Wú shì shī huà (Wú Yù), the Lǚ shì jiā shú jì (Lǚ Xīzhé), and many others preserve excerpts of works otherwise gone.

Dating. Zhāng Zī (1153–1221) had a long career; the work appears to have been compiled at his Yuēzhāi retreat. Conservative bracket: NotBefore 1190, notAfter 1207 (before his political disgrace).

Translations and research

No substantial Western-language treatment located. For Zhāng Zī’s biography and Southern-Sòng cultural context see James M. Hargett, Riding the River Home: A Complete and Annotated Translation of Fan Chengda’s Diary of a Boat Trip to Wu, Hong Kong, 2008; and discussion of the Yuē-zhāi garden in Maggie Bickford, Ink Plum: The Making of a Chinese Scholar-Painting Genre, Cambridge, 1996. The Shì xué guī fàn itself is rarely treated in Western scholarship.

Other points of interest

The book ranks with Lǐ Yuángāng’s Hòu zhī zǐyǔ and Wáng Zhī’s Yányì móumóu as Southern-Sòng administrative-conduct compendia, and is a major precursor to the Yuán Zhāng Guāngzǔ’s Yánxíng guījiàn (KR3j0184) and Zhào Shànliáo’s Zì jǐng biān (KR3j0183) — both of which inherit the jiāxùn / míngchén yánxíng genre that Zhāng helped to consolidate.

Links

• Sìkù quánshū zǒngmù tíyào, Zǐbù · Zájiā lèi 5, Shì xué guī fàn entry.