淮陽集

Huáiyáng jí 淮陽集

The Huái-yáng (Prince of Huái-yáng) Collection by 張弘範 (撰)

About the work

The surviving 120 poems and 30+ cí of Zhāng Hóngfàn 張弘範 (CBDB 17111, 1238–1280), zì Zhòngchóu 仲疇, posthumous shì Xiànwǔ 憲武, posthumous title Tàishī Huáiyángwáng 太師淮陽王 — the Mongol-Hàn-army Commander-in-Chief who in 1279 destroyed the last Sòng resistance at the Battle of Yáishān 厓山 off the Guǎngdōng coast, ending the Southern Sòng dynasty. Native of Dìngxīng 定興 in Yìzhōu 易州 (Héběi), ninth son of Zhāng Róu 張柔 (the principal Mongol-Hàn-army founding father, posthumously Rǔnán Zhōngwǔwáng 汝南忠武王). Rose through the Hàn-army officer corps to Zhènguó shàngjiāngjūn and Měnggǔ Hànjūn dū yuánshuài. Studied in his youth under Hǎo Jīng 郝經 KR4d0424 (the great Mongol-court Hànlín scholar) and befriended Dèng Guāngjiàn 鄧光薦 — the Sòng Prefect of Lǐbù shìláng who, having been captured at Yáishān along with the Sòng Prime Minister Wén Tiānxiáng, refused to bow but agreed to teach Zhāng’s son Zhāng Guī 張珪 (later the famous Yuán Heir-Loyal-Constant WángTàishī Héngyáng Zhōngxiànwáng). Dèng Guāngjiàn’s preface to this collection — written despite his Sòng-loyalist status and his role in the captured Wǎnrén guǐ (Calling the Lost Soul) tradition — is one of the historiographically most interesting paratexts in Yuán literature: a Sòng-loyalist Hànlín scholar writing the literary preface for the Mongol commander who destroyed his dynasty. The collection was first cut at Yānshān (Běijīng) by the Wáng family of Jīntái at the Jìngyìtáng (敬義堂); re-cut by Zhāng’s great-grandson Zhāng Xù 張旭 (Yuán Imperial Censor) in the Yuán Zhìzhèng era (preface by Xǔ Cōngxuān 許從宣, dated 1350); re-cut again in Míng Zhèngdé by the Gōngān Magistrate Zhōu Yuè 周鉞. The present base descends from Zhōu Yuè’s print.

Tiyao

We respectfully submit: Huáiyáng jí, one juàn, with appended shīyú one juàn, was composed by Zhāng Hóngfàn of the Yuán. Hóngfàn’s zì was Zhòngchóu, a man of Dìngxīng in Yìzhōu, the ninth son of Rǔnán Zhōngwǔwáng Zhāng Róu. He held office up to Zhènguó shàngjiāngjūn, Měnggǔ Hànjūn dū yuánshuài; led the army into Mǐn and Guǎng [Fújiàn and Guǎngdōng], destroying the Sòng at Yáishān. The army returned and he died. Cumulatively bestowed [the office of] Tàishī Huáiyángwáng [Prince of Huáiyáng], shì Xiànwǔ. His deeds are completely in the Yuánshǐ biography.

His surviving poetry 120 pieces, cí more than 30 pieces — the Yānshān Wángshì once cut them at the Jìngyìtáng. The former Sòng Lǐbù shìláng, Lúlíng’s Dèng Guāngjiàn 鄧光薦, composed a preface for them. [Dèng] Guāngjiàn — when Hóngfàn’s army went south on campaign, [he] was captured and would not yield, [therefore Hóngfàn] commanded his son Guī to serve [Dèng] as teacher. Later, his great-grandson, the Imperial Censor [Zhāng] Xù, re-cut [it]. In the Míng Zhèngdé period, the Magistrate of Gōngān, Zhōu Yuè, again re-cut it. The present base [comes] from the Zhōu cutting, transcribed in copy — probably still the old volumes.

Hóngfàn once attended the affairs of [studying with] Hǎo Jīng, [he] devoted heart to Confucian arts. His poetry is all five- and seven-syllable recent-style; although [it] follows the late-Southern-Sòng school, in general [it] is bright-and-clear, readable. Like “zhōngjiǔ wèi xǐng guò sì bìng / sōu shī bù dé shèng rú chóu” (“Drinking-deep, not yet sobered, [I] pass [the day] as ill / Searching for a poem and not finding [one] feels worse than grief”) — if placed in the Jiānghú jí (the Sòng Jiānghú anthology), [they] could not be distinguished. Likewise [he] is not unworthy of Cáo Jǐngzōng’s Jìngbìng (Competing-Sickness) fù. Respectfully collated, tenth month of Qiánlóng 46 (1781). Chief-Compiler Officers Jì Yún 紀昀, Lù Xīxióng 陸錫熊, Sūn Shìyì 孫士毅; Chief-Collation Officer Lù Fèichí 陸費墀.

(The frontmatter further preserves two foundational prefaces: Xǔ Cōngxuān 許從宣 of the Yuán Zhōngxiàn dàifū Jiāngnán zhūdào xíng yùshǐtái zhìshū shìyùshǐ, dated Zhìzhèng 10, 9th month (1350) — situating Zhāng’s collection in the context of his great-grandson Xù’s filial recovery of family literary heritage. And Dèng Guāngjiàn 鄧光薦 — the captured Sòng-loyalist Hànlín scholar, his preface dated c. 1279/1280 — comparing Zhāng’s verse to “the ChǔHàn jiān lièshì yǔ” (the speech of the heroic warriors of the ChǔHàn interregnum), distinguishing it from the Jiānghú-school ordinariness: “the ‘middle-state’ [Sinitic] literary inheritance is desolate; shì who get a little hold are usually self-satisfied — yet only Lord Wǔliè’s compositions, never drafted, scattered when written, after recovery by relatives, became poetry-and-cí of so-many [pieces], to be transmitted to posterity… his merit, his accomplishment, his pen-strokes — these are precisely the qí (singular accomplishment) of antiquity-and-modernity.” Dèng’s preface explicitly thematizes the irony of a Sòng-loyalist writing the preface for the destroyer of the Sòng.)

Abstract

Zhāng Hóngfàn (CBDB 17111, 1238–1280) is the principal Yuán-period military destroyer of the Southern Sòng. The son of Zhāng Róu (a Mongol-Hàn-army founding father), he led the Yuán fleet at the 1279 Battle of Yáishān off the Guǎngdōng coast — the catastrophic naval action in which the last Sòng Emperor Bǐng 帝昺 drowned with the Lúlíngwáng Lù Xiùfū 陸秀夫 in his arms, ending the Sòng dynasty. The monument Zhāng erected on Yáishān bears the famous and contested inscription Zhènguó dàjiàngjūn Zhāng Hóngfàn miè Sòng yú cǐ 鎮國大將軍張弘範滅宋於此 (“Here Zhènguó dàjiàngjūn Zhāng Hóngfàn destroyed the Sòng”). Yet Zhāng was also a serious literatus — studied under Hǎo Jīng KR4d0424, befriended Dèng Guāngjiàn (who became his son’s tutor under captive-honored conditions after Yáishān), and produced 120+ poems and 30+ cí of competent late-Sòng-style verse. The collection’s textual history is firm — Yánshān Jìngyìtáng → Yuán-late Zhāng Xù → Míng Zhōu Yuè → present base. The Dèng Guāngjiàn preface and the Xǔ Cōngxuān preface establish the foundational paratext. CBDB 17111 firmly establishes 1238–1280; the Yuánshǐ j. 156 biography fully corroborates. Wilkinson treats Zhāng in the late-Sòng / early-Yuán military and political transition (§35).

Translations and research

• Hok-lam Chan, “Chang Hung-fan,” in Igor de Rachewiltz et al. (eds.), In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1993).
• Mòtě Gēbiǎo 莫德格瑪 et al., Zhōng-guó jūn-shì shǐ 中國軍事史 (Běi-jīng: Jiě-fàng-jūn chū-bǎn-shè, 1986), vol. 2 — the Yái-shān naval engagement.
• Yuán-shǐ j. 156 (Zhāng Hóng-fàn biography) — the standard biography.
• Quán Yuán shī vol. 1 collates Zhāng’s poetry; Quán Yuán cí the cí.

Other points of interest

The Dèng Guāngjiàn preface to this collection — written by a captive Sòng shìláng for the Yuán commander who destroyed his dynasty, on the explicit ground that Zhāng accommodated Dèng’s refusal to serve and instead enlisted him as tutor to his son — is one of the most historiographically interesting and morally tense paratexts in Yuán-period literature. The arrangement (Zhāng’s son Zhāng Guī, who became the famous Yuán Tàishī Héngyáng Zhōngxiànwáng — the loyalist anchor of the Yuán imperial court under Wǔzōng and Rénzōng — was thereby educated by a Sòng-loyalist) is one of the principal vehicles by which late-Sòng Sinitic high culture entered the Yuán imperial bureaucratic class.

Links

• WYG SKQS V1191.4, p703.
• CBDB person 17111 (Zhāng Hóngfàn)
• Yuánshǐ j. 156
• Wikipedia, 張弘範