Yuán-dynasty Daoist inner-alchemy master, zì Guānwú 觀吾, hào Shàngyángzǐ 上陽子 (“Master of Highest Yáng”). One of the most important Yuán-era nèidān 内丹 authors and the principal inheritor of the Southern-Zōng Nánzōng 南宗 / Běizōng 北宗 inner-alchemical syntheses through his master Zhào Yǒuqīn 趙友欽 (fl. 1329). Active c. 1320–1360. No CBDB record found; his extensive Daoist output is preserved in a significant cluster of the Daozang:
- Tàishàng dòngxuán língbǎo wúliàng dùrén shàngpǐn miàojīng zhùjiě 太上洞玄靈寶無量度人上品妙經註解 (DZ 92/TC 91, 1336) — his inner-alchemical commentary on the Dùrén jīng.
- [[KR5a1068|DZ 1068 Shàngyángzǐ jīndān dàyào]] 上陽子金丹大要 — his principal inner-alchemy treatise.
- [[KR5a1069|DZ 1069 Shàngyángzǐ jīndān dàyào lièxiān zhì]] 上陽子金丹大要列仙志 — biographies of inner-alchemy masters, including Zhào Yǒuqīn.
- DZ 1070 / DZ 1071 / DZ 1072 / DZ 1073 — further nèidān treatises and tables.
His interpretive programme unites “worldly method” (shìfǎ 世法) — scriptural recitation and ritual — with “Daoist usage” (dàoyòng 道用) — inner-alchemical cultivation. His reading of the Dùrén jīng anchors the scripture firmly within the nèidān tradition, insisting that the scripture’s language (the “Red Writs of Chaos” etc.) refers directly to concrete inner-alchemical physiological experience. The chief modern studies are Isabelle Robinet, Introduction à l’alchimie intérieure taoïste (Cerf, 1995); Fabrizio Pregadio, The Seal of the Unity of the Three (Golden Elixir Press, 2011); and Judith M. Boltz, A Survey of Taoist Literature (1987).