醫家類 Section introduction

Scope and scholarly tradition

KR3e 醫家類 (Yī jiā lèi, Masters — Medicine) collects the canonical and quasi-canonical works of the Chinese medical tradition under the Masters branch (子部) of the four-branch (四部) bibliographic system. The Hàn imperial bibliography (《漢書·藝文志》) had given medicine its own sixth-branch placement (醫經, 經方, 房中, 神仙); from the SuíTáng standard-history bibliographies onward it was subsumed into 子部, where it has remained. The division as preserved in the Wényuāngé Sìkù quánshū and supplementary editions in this corpus runs from the late-Hàn clinical canon of Zhāng Jī to the mid-Qīng critical writings of Xú Dàchūn (《醫學源流論》, 1757) and the Qiánlóng imperial compilation 《御纂醫宗金鑑》 (1742) — covering roughly fifteen centuries of writing on aetiology, drug therapy, acumoxa, gynaecology, paediatrics, external medicine, materia medica, and pulse diagnosis. The principal commentarial and transmissional traditions a reader must keep in mind are: (i) the early-imperial medical Classics (《素問》《靈樞》《難經》《傷寒》《金匱》《甲乙經》《脈經》), repeatedly re-edited by the Northern-Sòng Bureau for Editing Medical Books (校正醫書局); (ii) the great SuíTáng systematisers Cháo Yuánfāng, Sūn Sīmiǎo, Wáng Tāo; (iii) the Sòng state-sponsored materia medica and formularies (《證類本草》《聖濟總錄》《太平惠民和劑局方》); (iv) the four JīnYuán masters (金元四大家); and (v) the late-Míng to mid-Qīng critical syntheses culminating in Lǐ Shízhēn, Zhāng Jièbīn, and Xú Dàchūn. Endymion Wilkinson’s Chinese History: A New Manual devotes Section 41 to medicine, treating most of the works in this division as the principal Western-language entry points; that section structures the present overview.

Important texts and text clusters

The medical Classics (醫經). Five works are foundational and define the zhōngyī curriculum down to the present.

• Huángdì nèijīng Sùwèn 黃帝內經素問 KR3e0001 — the dialogic cosmological-physiological canon, transmitted in Wáng Bīng’s 762 recension and Lín Yì’s 1057–1067 校正 edition.
• Língshūjīng 靈樞經 KR3e0002 — the second half of the Nèijīng corpus, focused on acupuncture meridians, re-edited by Shǐ Sōng in 1155 after the Wáng Bīng recension was lost.
• Wáng Hànlín jízhù Huángdì bāshíyī Nánjīng 王翰林集註黃帝八十一難經 KR3e0003 and Nánjīng běnyì 難經本義 KR3e0004 — the Nánjīng, attributed to Qín Yuèrén (Biǎn Què), preserved here in the Míng compiled commentary of Wáng Jiǔsī and in Huá Shòu’s authoritative Yuán běnyì.
• Jīnguì yàoluè lùnzhù 金匱要略論註 KR3e0006 and Xīnbiān Jīnguì yàoluè fānglùn 新編金匱要略方論 KR3e0007 — Zhāng Jī’s miscellaneous-disease canon, with Xú Bīn’s 1671 Qīng commentary and the Sòng校正 1066 imperial recension respectively.
• Shānghán lùn zhùshì 傷寒論注釋 KR3e0008 — Zhāng Jī’s cold-damage classic in Chéng Wúyǐ’s first complete line-by-line commentary (preface 1144), the recension on which all subsequent Shānghán scholarship builds.

Suí–Táng systematisations. Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng 鍼灸甲乙經 KR3e0005 (Huángfǔ Mì, 256–282) is the earliest systematic acumoxa classic; Xīnkān Wángshì màijīng 新刊王氏脈經 KR3e0009 (Wáng Shūhé, c. 280–300) is the first book-length pulse manual; Zhǒuhòu bèijí fāng 肘後備急方 KR3e0010 (Gě Hóng, c. 280–343, supplemented by Táo Hóngjǐng) is the prototype of the “emergency at-the-elbow” formulary; Cháoshì zhūbìng yuánhòu zǒnglùn 巢氏諸病源候總論 KR3e0012 (Cháo Yuánfāng, 605–615) is the great Suí imperial encyclopaedia of disease aetiology; the Bèijí qiānjīn yàofāng 備急千金要方 KR3e0013 (Sūn Sīmiǎo, 650s) and Wàitái mìyào fāng 外臺秘要方 KR3e0015 (Wáng Tāo, 752) together constitute the great Táng synthesis of Hàn–Suí clinical knowledge.

Sòng state compilations and the 校正醫書局. The Northern-Sòng court invested heavily in editing and printing medical literature. Among the results in this division: the imperial pharmacopoeia Zhènglèi běncǎo 證類本草 KR3e0028 (Táng Shènwēi, 1108–1116) and its Dàquán revision Zhòngxiū Zhènghé jīngshǐ zhènglèi bèiyòng běncǎo 重修政和經史證類備用本草 KR3e0029 (1204), the basis of all later 本草 down to Lǐ Shízhēn; the Huīzōng court compendium Shèngjì zǒnglù zuǎnyào 聖濟總錄纂要 KR3e0027 (1111–1117); the standardised dispensatory Tàipíng huìmín héjì jú fāng 太平惠民和劑局方 KR3e0033 (issued and revised 1107–1252); the materia-medica-based prescription manual SūShěn liángfāng 蘇沈良方 KR3e0020 (Sū Shì and Shěn Kuò), and the foundational gynaecological work Fùrén dàquán liángfāng 婦人大全良方 KR3e0038 (Chén Zìmíng, 1237). Chén Yán’s Sānyīn jíyī bìngzhèng fānglùn 三因極一病證方論 KR3e0041 (1174) systematised the three-causes (內因 / 外因 / 不內外因) aetiology that becomes a Sòng doctrinal commonplace.

The four JīnYuán masters (金元四大家). This division contains the principal works of all four.

• Liú Wánsù (劉河間) — 《素問玄機原病式》 KR3e0047, 《宣明方論》 KR3e0048, 《傷寒直格方》 KR3e0049: the “cooling-cold” (寒涼) school grounded in the Sùwèn’s 五運六氣 doctrine.
• Zhāng Cóngzhèng (張子和) — 《儒門事親》 KR3e0051: the “attacking-purging” (攻邪) school, advocating sweat–vomit–purge therapy.
• Lǐ Gǎo (李東垣) — 《內外傷辯惑論》 KR3e0052, 《脾胃論》 KR3e0053, 《蘭室祕藏》 KR3e0054: the “spleen-stomach” (補土) school of internal damage. Continued in this division by his disciples Wáng Hǎogǔ (《此事難知》 KR3e0055, 《醫壘元戎》 KR3e0056, 《湯液本章》 KR3e0057) and Luó Tiānyì (in 《保命集》 KR3e0050, a Zhāng Yuánsù compilation transmitted by him).
• Zhū Zhènhēng (朱丹溪) — 《格致餘論》 KR3e0060, 《局方發揮》 KR3e0061, 《金匱鈎玄》 KR3e0062: the “nourishing-yīn” (滋陰) school, polemically opposed to the now-formulaic Júfāng prescribing of the Sòng pharmacy bureaus.

Late-Yuán to Míng synthesis. Wáng Lǚ’s Yījīng sùhuí jí 醫經溯洄集 KR3e0066 (c. 1360–1380) and Huá Shòu’s Nánjīng běnyì KR3e0004 inaugurate a movement of doctrinal return to the Nèijīng. The imperial Míng compendium Pǔjì fāng 普濟方 KR3e0067 (Zhū Sù, 1390–1406) — the largest pre-modern Chinese formulary at 168 juan — preserves vast quantities of SòngYuán prescription literature now otherwise lost. Xú Yòngchéng’s Yùjī wēiyì 玉機微義 KR3e0068 (1380–1410) is a key reorganisation of Zhū Zhènhēng’s clinical doctrine.

Míng materia medica and Nèijīng exegesis. Lǐ Shízhēn’s Běncǎo gāngmù 本草綱目 KR3e0079 (1552–1590; printed 1603) is the canonical Chinese pharmacopoeia and one of the most influential natural-history works in any culture before the modern era; his Qíjīng bāmài kǎo 奇經八脉攷 KR3e0080 and Bīnhú màixué 瀕湖脉學 KR3e0081 complete his pulse-and-vessel programme. Zhāng Jièbīn’s Lèijīng 類經 KR3e0085 (1624) is the most systematic Míng topical rearrangement of the Nèijīng, and his Jǐngyuè quánshū 景岳全書 KR3e0086 (1624–1640) is the principal Míng monument of the “warming-and-tonifying” (溫補) school that opposes Liú Wánsù’s hánliáng. Miào Xīyōng’s Shénnóng běncǎo jīng shū 神農本草經疏 KR3e0084 (1620–1625) inaugurates the MíngQīng critical běncǎojīng recovery scholarship. Wú Yǒuxìng’s Wēnyì lùn 瘟疫論 KR3e0087 (1642) is the formative text of warm-pathogen / epidemic-febrile-disease theory, a precursor to the full Qīng 溫病學派.

Qīng critical schools. Yú Chāng’s Shànglùn piān 尚論篇 KR3e0091 (1648) and Yīmén fǎlǜ 醫門法律 KR3e0092 (1658) re-edit and re-think the Shānghán and clinical practice; his disciples produce 《傷寒舌鑑》 KR3e0093 and 《傷寒兼證析義》 KR3e0094. Xú Dàchūn’s quartet — 《蘭臺軌範》 KR3e0097, 《神農本草經百種錄》 KR3e0098, 《傷寒類方》 KR3e0099, 《醫學源流論》 KR3e0100 (1736–1764) — argues programmatically for return to the Nèijīng–Nánjīng–Shānghán line and against the SòngYuán doctrinal schools. The imperial Yùzuǎn Yīzōng jīnjiàn 御纂醫宗金鑑 KR3e0090 (Wú Qiān, 1742–1749) is the Qiánlóng-court standard-curriculum compendium that defined the imperial medical examinations.

Important persons

• 張機 (Zhāng Jī, zì Zhòngjǐng, fl. 196–220) — author of the Shānghán zábìng lùn whose Sòng-recovered halves became 《傷寒論》 and 《金匱要略》, the twin pillars of clinical medicine in this division.
• 華佗 is absent as an author from this division (his works are lost), but 皇甫謐 (Huángfǔ Mì, 215–282) supplies the foundation of acupuncture scholarship through 《針灸甲乙經》 KR3e0005.
• 王叔和 (Wáng Shūhé, c. 210–285) — Jìn editor of Zhāng Jī’s corpus and author of 《脈經》 KR3e0009, the first systematic pulse manual.
• 葛洪 (Gě Hóng, 283–343) — Eastern-Jìn Daoist physician whose 《肘後備急方》 KR3e0010 is the prototype emergency formulary.
• 陶弘景 (Táo Hóngjǐng, 456–536) — Liáng polymath whose《本草經集注》 and 《名醫別錄》 (transmitted in Zhènglèi běncǎo) reshaped the 本草 tradition.
• 巢元方 (Cháo Yuánfāng, fl. 605–615) — Suí imperial physician, lead compiler of 《諸病源候論》 KR3e0012.
• 孫思邈 (Sūn Sīmiǎo, c. 581–682) — author of the Qiānjīn corpus KR3e0013 and traditional attributee of the ophthalmological 《銀海精微》 KR3e0014; the most influential single Táng clinician.
• 王燾 (Wáng Tāo, c. 670–755) — author of 《外臺秘要方》 KR3e0015, the great Táng compendium that preserves quotations from now-lost early formularies.
• 王冰 (Wáng Bīng, fl. 762) — Táng recensionist whose 762 Sùwèn edition is the foundation of all later Nèijīng study; commented and re-edited in KR3e0001.
• 林億 (Lín Yì, fl. 1057–1067) — head of the Northern-Sòng 校正醫書局 (Bureau for Editing Medical Books); under his editorship the Sùwèn, Nánjīng, Shānghán, Jīnguì, Màijīng, Jiǎyǐ jīng, and Qiānjīn were re-edited and printed in the recensions still in use (KR3e0001 KR3e0005 KR3e0009 KR3e0013).
• 唐慎微 (Táng Shènwēi, fl. 1080s–1108) — Sòng pharmacist-author of 《經史證類備急本草》 KR3e0028, the běncǎo on which all later materia medica down to Lǐ Shízhēn build.
• 陳言 (Chén Yán, 1131–1189) — formulator of the three-causes aetiology in 《三因極一病證方論》 KR3e0041.
• 許叔微 (Xǔ Shūwēi, 1080–1154) — Sòng Shānghán expositor and author of 《類證普濟本事方》 KR3e0032.
• 陳自明 (Chén Zìmíng, c. 1190–1270) — Sòng gynaecologist, author of 《婦人大全良方》 KR3e0038, the foundational systematic gynaecology of the imperial era.
• 劉完素 (Liú Wánsù, c. 1110–1200) — founder of the Héjiān school of cooling-cold therapy and of the Nèijīng–五運六氣 revival (KR3e0047–KR3e0049).
• 張從正 (Zhāng Cóngzhèng, 1156–1228) — Zǐhé, the attacking-purging master, author of 《儒門事親》 KR3e0051.
• 李杲 (Lǐ Gǎo, 1180–1251) — Dōngyuán, founder of the Píwèi school (KR3e0052–KR3e0054), arguably the most influential single doctor of the JīnYuán era.
• 朱震亨 (Zhū Zhènhēng, 1281–1358) — Dānxī, founder of the yīn-nourishing school and trenchant critic of the Sòng Júfāng (KR3e0060–KR3e0062).
• 滑壽 (Huá Shòu, c. 1304–1386) — late-Yuán scholar-physician whose 《難經本義》 KR3e0004 is the standard Nánjīng commentary.
• 王履 (Wáng Lǚ, 1332–1391) — author of 《醫經溯洄集》 KR3e0066, programmatic call to return from SòngYuán doctrine to the Nèijīng–Shānghán line.
• 李時珍 (Lǐ Shízhēn, 1518–1593) — author of 《本草綱目》 KR3e0079; the central figure in Míng natural history and pharmacology.
• 張介賓 (Zhāng Jièbīn, 1563–1640) — Jǐngyuè, the principal Míng wēnbǔ (warming-and-tonifying) thinker and author of 《類經》 and 《景岳全書》 (KR3e0085–KR3e0086).
• 繆希雍 (Miào Xīyōng, 1546–1627) — Míng critical pharmacologist, author of 《神農本草經疏》 KR3e0084.
• 喻昌 (Yú Chāng, 1585–1664) — Qīng Shānghán reformer of Jiāngxī, author of 《尚論篇》 and 《醫門法律》 (KR3e0091–KR3e0092).
• 徐大椿 (Xú Dàchūn, 1693–1771) — the central mid-Qīng critic, author of four foundational works in this division (KR3e0097–KR3e0100) calling for return to the medical Classics.
• 吳謙 (Wú Qiān, c. 1689–1748) — chief editor of the imperial 《醫宗金鑑》 KR3e0090, the standard Qīng curriculum.

Topics

The division is organised around a number of overlapping debates and genres.

The medical Classics (醫經) versus prescription literature (經方). The Hàn imperial bibliography drew the line; the Nèijīng–Nánjīng–Shānghán–Jīnguì canon is the doctrinal pole, while the fāng-books (formularies — Qiānjīn, Wàitái, Héjì jú fāng, Pǔjì fāng) are the practical pole. Every major thinker in the division (Wáng Lǚ, Zhāng Jièbīn, Xú Dàchūn) is positioned somewhere along that axis.

The four JīnYuán masters and doctrinal schools. The greatest single doctrinal innovation of the imperial era. Hánliáng (Liú Wánsù) versus gōngxié (Zhāng Cóngzhèng) versus bǔtǔ (Lǐ Gǎo) versus zīyīn (Zhū Zhènhēng) define the principal therapeutic styles of the next five hundred years, and the MíngQīng wēnbǔ school of Xuē Jǐ and Zhāng Jièbīn is in part a backlash against Zhū Dānxī’s yīn-nourishing extremism.

Cold damage (傷寒) versus warm pathogen (溫病). Shānghán exegesis runs unbroken from Chéng Wúyǐ (KR3e0008) through Hán Zhīhé (KR3e0025), Páng Ānshí (KR3e0026), Fāng Yǒuzhí (KR3e0082), Yú Chāng (KR3e0091), Zhāng Dēng (KR3e0093), Zhāng Zhuō (KR3e0094), and Xú Dàchūn (KR3e0099). Wú Yǒuxìng’s Wēnyì lùn KR3e0087 marks the late-Míng break with the Shānghán model and the start of the Qīng 溫病 school — although the full WúYèXuēWáng Wēnbìng canon of the eighteenth century is not in this division.

Materia medica (本草). A continuous lineage runs from the lost Shénnóng běncǎo jīng through Táo Hóngjǐng, Sū Jìng’s Táng 《新修本草》, the Sòng Zhènglèi běncǎo KR3e0028–KR3e0029, to Lǐ Shízhēn’s Gāngmù KR3e0079 and the Qīng critical recoveries of Miào Xīyōng KR3e0084 and Xú Dàchūn KR3e0098. The shift from accretive compilation to critical reconstruction of the Shénnóng jīng itself is the principal late-Míng to Qīng historiographical move.

Acupuncture and moxibustion (鍼灸). From Huángfǔ Mì KR3e0005 through the Sòng Tóngrén tradition KR3e0017, the Míngtáng moxibustion charts KR3e0018, Wáng Zhízhōng’s Zhēnjiǔ zīshēng jīng KR3e0037, Wáng Guóruì’s Biǎnquè shényìng Yùlóng jīng KR3e0063, Dòu Hànqīng’s Zhēnjīng zhǐnán KR3e0107, down to Wāng Jī’s late-Míng critical Zhēnjiǔ wènduì KR3e0072.

Specialised genres. Gynaecology (Chén Zìmíng KR3e0038, Chén Shīshèng KR3e0040, the anonymous Sòng 《產寶諸寶》 KR3e0044); paediatrics (《顱顖經》 KR3e0016, 《小兒衛生總散論方》 KR3e0031, the smallpox-and-measles work 《仁端錄》 KR3e0069); external medicine and abscesses (Lǐ Xùn 《集驗背疽方》 KR3e0042, Qí Dézhī 《外科精義》 KR3e0064, Wāng Jī 《外科理例》 KR3e0073); geriatric care (Chén Zhí 《壽親養老新書》 KR3e0021); medical anecdota and case literature (Zhāng Gǎo 《醫說》 KR3e0036, Jiāng Guàn 《名醫類案》 KR3e0075, Wèi Zhīxiù 《續名醫類案》 KR3e0096); and the Sòng medical-examination Tàiyī jú zhūkē chéngwén gé KR3e0039, which preserves the form of the imperial medical-examination essays.

Five-Cycles, Six-Qi (五運六氣). The cosmological-epidemiological doctrine grounded in the Sùwèn’s “Seven Great Treatises” supplied by Wáng Bīng. Liú Wēnshū’s Sùwèn rùshì yùnqì lùnào KR3e0024 (1099) is the principal Sòng systematic treatment and the gateway to the Liú Wánsù school.

Pulse diagnosis (脈學). From Wáng Shūhé KR3e0009 through Dài Qǐzōng’s Màijué kānwù KR3e0065 (Yuán) to Lǐ Shízhēn’s Bīnhú màixué KR3e0081 and 《奇經八脉攷》 KR3e0080 — the central diagnostic art of the tradition.

Timeline

• 196–220 — Shānghán zábìng lùn 傷寒雜病論 (lost; preserved as 《傷寒論》 and 《金匱要略》, see KR3e0006 KR3e0007 KR3e0008) — Zhāng Jī’s clinical canon, the foundation of all later prescription medicine.
• c. 180–280 — Yào lù 藥錄 KR3e0108 — Wú Pǔ’s lost early běncǎo fragment, witness to the HànJìn 本草 tradition before Táo Hóngjǐng.
• 256–282 — Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng 鍼灸甲乙經 KR3e0005 — Huángfǔ Mì’s foundational acumoxa systematisation.
• c. 280–300 — Màijīng 脈經 KR3e0009 — Wáng Shūhé’s first comprehensive pulse manual; he also edited Zhāng Jī’s Shānghán.
• c. 280–343 — Zhǒuhòu bèijí fāng 肘後備急方 KR3e0010 — Gě Hóng’s “at-the-elbow” emergency formulary, later supplemented by Táo Hóngjǐng.
• 605–615 — Zhūbìng yuánhòu lùn 諸病源候論 KR3e0012 — Cháo Yuánfāng’s imperial Suí encyclopaedia of disease aetiology.
• 650–659 — Bèijí qiānjīn yàofāng 備急千金要方 KR3e0013 — Sūn Sīmiǎo’s great Táng formulary.
• 752 — Wàitái mìyào fāng 外臺秘要方 KR3e0015 — Wáng Tāo’s late-Táng compendium preserving SuíTáng formularies.
• 762 — Huángdì nèijīng Sùwèn 黃帝內經素問 KR3e0001 — Wáng Bīng’s restoration recension, the basis of all later Nèijīng study.
• c. 850–1000 — Lúxìn jīng 顱顖經 KR3e0016 — anonymous early paediatric work in fontanelle/cranial-suture diagnostic theory.
• 1027 — Tóngrén zhēnjiǔ jīng 銅人鍼灸經 KR3e0017 — the text accompanying Wáng Wéiyī’s Northern-Sòng imperial bronze acupuncture-man.
• 1041–1056 — Bójì fāng 博濟方 KR3e0019 — Wáng Gǔn’s mid-Northern-Sòng prescription collection.
• 1066 — Xīnbiān Jīnguì yàoluè fānglùn 新編金匱要略方論 KR3e0007 — the Sòng 校正醫書局 recension of Zhāng Jī’s miscellaneous-disease canon.
• 1078–1094 — 《腳氣治法總要》 KR3e0022, 《旅舍備要方》 KR3e0023 — Dǒng Jí’s specialised manuals on beri-beri and travellers’ emergencies.
• 1086 — Shānghán wēizhǐ lùn 傷寒微旨論 KR3e0025 — Hán Zhīhé’s early Sòng Shānghán exposition.
• c. 1086–1100 — SūShěn liángfāng 蘇沈良方 KR3e0020 — the joint Sū Shì–Shěn Kuò formulary, witness to literati-physician culture.
• 1099 — Sùwèn rùshì yùnqì lùnào 素問入式運氣論奧 KR3e0024 — Liú Wēnshū’s foundational systematic treatment of 五運六氣.
• c. 1100 — Shānghán zǒngbìng lùn 傷寒總病論 KR3e0026 — Páng Ānshí’s Shānghán compendium.
• c. 1100–1200 — Chǔshì yíshū 褚氏遺書 KR3e0011 — Sòng compilation under the name of LiúSòng Qí physician Chǔ Chéng.
• 1107–1252 — Tàipíng huìmín héjì jú fāng 太平惠民和劑局方 KR3e0033 — the Sòng state-pharmacy standard dispensatory, repeatedly enlarged.
• 1108–1116 — Zhènglèi běncǎo 證類本草 KR3e0028 — Táng Shènwēi’s pharmacopoeia.
• 1111–1117 — Shèngjì zǒnglù zuǎnyào 聖濟總錄纂要 KR3e0027 — the Huīzōng imperial medical encyclopaedia in epitome.
• 1119–1125 — Quánshēng zhǐmí fāng 全生指迷方 KR3e0030 — Wáng Kuàng’s prescription manual.
• 1133 — Lèizhèng pǔjì běnshì fāng 類證普濟本事方 KR3e0032 — Xǔ Shūwēi’s case-and-prescription compendium.
• 1144 — Shānghán lùn zhùshì 傷寒論注釋 KR3e0008 — Chéng Wúyǐ’s first complete commentary, the recension that all subsequent Shānghán scholarship builds upon.
• 1155 — Língshūjīng 靈樞經 KR3e0002 — Shǐ Sōng’s Southern Sòng recovery and re-issue of the Língshū.
• c. 1150–1250 — Jíyàn bèijū fāng 集驗背疽方 KR3e0042 — Lǐ Xùn’s specialised back-abscess manual.
• 1174 — Sānyīn jíyī bìngzhèng fānglùn 三因極一病證方論 KR3e0041 — Chén Yán’s three-causes aetiology.
• 1180 — Chuánxìn shìyòng fāng 傳信適用方 KR3e0034 — Wú Yànkuí’s practical formulary.
• 1180–1186 — 《素問玄機原病式》 KR3e0047, 《宣明方論》 KR3e0048 — Liú Wánsù’s foundational Héjiān-school works.
• 1189 — Yī shuō 醫說 KR3e0036 — Zhāng Gǎo’s medical-anecdote collection.
• 1191–1206 — Tàiyī jú zhūkē chéngwén gé 太醫局諸科程文格 KR3e0039 — Hé Dàrèn’s compilation of imperial medical-examination model essays.
• 1204 — Zhòngxiū Zhènghé jīngshǐ zhènglèi bèiyòng běncǎo 重修政和經史證類備用本草 KR3e0029 — the Jīn-government Dàquán běncǎo.
• 1217–1228 — Rúmén shìqīn 儒門事親 KR3e0051 — Zhāng Cóngzhèng’s attacking-purging classic.
• 1220 — Zhēnjiǔ zīshēng jīng 鍼灸資生經 KR3e0037 — Wáng Zhízhōng’s clinically-oriented acumoxa manual.
• 1237 — Fùrén dàquán liángfāng 婦人大全良方 KR3e0038 — Chén Zìmíng’s foundational gynaecological compendium.
• 1247–1251 — 《脾胃論》 KR3e0053, 《蘭室祕藏》 KR3e0054 — Lǐ Gǎo’s central spleen-stomach school works.
• 1253–1267 — Jìshēng fāng 濟生方 KR3e0043 — Yán Yònghé’s Southern-Sòng formulary.
• 1264 — Rénzhāi zhízhǐ 仁齋直指 KR3e0045 — Yáng Shìyíng’s late-Sòng synthetic manual.
• c. 1300–1380 — Màijué kānwù 脈訣刊誤 KR3e0065 — Dài Qǐzōng’s critical correction of the spurious Màijué attributed to Wáng Shūhé.
• 1328–1339 — Shìyī déxiào fāng 世醫得效方 KR3e0059 — Wēi Yìlín’s family-physician formulary, important for surgery and orthopaedics.
• 1330–1358 — 《格致餘論》 KR3e0060, 《局方發揮》 KR3e0061, 《金匱鈎玄》 KR3e0062 — Zhū Zhènhēng’s yīn-nourishing programme and critique of the Sòng Júfāng.
• 1361–1366 — Nánjīng běnyì 難經本義 KR3e0004 — Huá Shòu’s standard Nánjīng commentary.
• c. 1360–1380 — Yījīng sùhuí jí 醫經溯洄集 KR3e0066 — Wáng Lǚ’s call to return to the Nèijīng–Shānghán line.
• 1390–1406 — Pǔjì fāng 普濟方 KR3e0067 — Zhū Sù’s imperial Míng formulary in 168 juan, the largest of the imperial era.
• 1530–1531 — 《針灸問對》 KR3e0072, 《外科理例》 KR3e0073 — Wāng Jī’s critical Míng acumoxa and external-medicine works.
• 1539–1560 — Shíshān yī’àn 石山醫案 KR3e0074 — Wāng Jī’s case-records.
• 1549 onward — Míngyī lèi’àn 名醫類案 KR3e0075 — Jiāng Guàn’s foundational Míng medical-case collection (printed 1591; supplemented down to 1772).
• 1552–1590 — Běncǎo gāngmù 本草綱目 KR3e0079 — Lǐ Shízhēn’s magnum opus; the canonical pharmacopoeia of the late imperial era.
• 1564 — Bīnhú màixué 瀕湖脉學 KR3e0081 — Lǐ Shízhēn’s pulse-poems, the standard memorisation manual.
• 1584–1596 — 《赤水元珠》 KR3e0076, 《醫旨緒餘》 KR3e0077 — Sūn Yīkuí’s Míng synthetic treatises.
• 1589–1593 — Shānghán lùn tiáobiàn 傷寒論條辨 KR3e0082 — Fāng Yǒuzhí’s chapter-by-chapter Míng Shānghán re-organisation.
• 1597–1607 — Zhèngzhì zhǔnshéng 證治準繩 KR3e0078 — Wáng Kěntáng’s most comprehensive late-Míng clinical encyclopaedia.
• 1620–1625 — Shénnóng běncǎo jīng shū 神農本草經疏 KR3e0084 — Miào Xīyōng’s critical běncǎojīng commentary.
• 1622 — Xiānxǐng zhāi guǎngbǐjì 先醒齋廣筆記 KR3e0083 — Miào Xīyōng’s case-and-prescription notebook.
• 1624 — Lèijīng 類經 KR3e0085 — Zhāng Jièbīn’s topical reorganisation of the Nèijīng.
• 1624–1640 — Jǐngyuè quánshū 景岳全書 KR3e0086 — Zhāng Jièbīn’s complete wēnbǔ clinical compendium.
• 1626–1644 — Běncǎo chéngyǎ bànjié 本草乘雅半偈 KR3e0089 — Lú Zhīyí’s critical běncǎo work.
• 1642 — Wēnyì lùn 瘟疫論 KR3e0087 — Wú Yǒuxìng’s foundational epidemic-febrile-disease treatise.
• 1648 — Shànglùn piān 尚論篇 KR3e0091 — Yú Chāng’s Qīng Shānghán re-edition.
• 1658 — Yīmén fǎlǜ 醫門法律 KR3e0092 — Yú Chāng’s clinical-method treatise.
• 1668 — 《傷寒舌鑑》 KR3e0093, 《傷寒兼證析義》 KR3e0094 — the brothers Zhāng Dēng and Zhāng Zhuō continue Yú Chāng’s Shānghán school.
• 1671 — Jīnguì yàoluè lùnzhù 金匱要略論註 KR3e0006 — Xú Bīn’s Kāngxī-era critical commentary on the Jīnguì.
• 1736–1764 — Xú Dàchūn’s quartet: 《神農本草經百種錄》 KR3e0098 (1736), 《傷寒類方》 KR3e0099 (1759), 《醫學源流論》 KR3e0100 (1757), 《蘭臺軌範》 KR3e0097 (1764) — the central mid-Qīng programmatic return to the medical Classics.
• 1742–1749 — Yùzuǎn Yīzōng jīnjiàn 御纂醫宗金鑑 KR3e0090 — the Qiánlóng imperial standard-curriculum compendium.
• 1770–1772 — Xù míngyī lèi’àn 續名醫類案 KR3e0096 — Wèi Zhīxiù’s continuation of Jiāng Guàn’s case-collection.